Should Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned - 921 Words

Should Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned? When it comes to ones’ looks, one immediately points out the unwanted features in them. Many, after pointing them out, seek for easy solutions to fix them. Therefore, ending up with a solution, cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery, also known as aesthetic surgery, is the process of enhancing, or improving physical looks. Plastic surgery (P-SURG) is similar to cosmetic surgery but serve different purposes. Plastic surgery is the reconstruction of someone’s appearance which is, in most cases, due to accidents such as burns, diseases, birth disorders or traumas. Keep in mind that cosmetic surgery and plastic surgery are not the same, even though plastic surgery is often referred as being a synonym of cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is popular around the world, and it has been proven to be capable of causing emotional and physical damage. Therefore, cosmetic surgery should be banned, since diseases, burns, birth defects or traumas, aren’t the reason of the demand fo r enhancing any physical appearance. Plastic surgery has been used for many years but its purpose has changed over time. During the civil war, many surgeons used plastic surgery to reconstruct soldiers’ physical appearance after an accident or a battle. Many soldiers in those situations, would physically lose who they once were. Thus, starting the cosmetic surgery business and ending up spreading all around the world. However, people nowadays use it to reach the set standards ofShow MoreRelatedShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned?956 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome prevalent among our society today is cosmetic and plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is surgery that corrects or modifies the appearance of a feature, or defect on the human body. Although plastic surgery can sometimes be used for treatment of injury or other health related issues. Surgery to improve appearance is widespread among our culture. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgery, there were 15.6 million cosmetic and plastic surgeries procedur es done in 2014, bringing in as muchRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Should Be Banned1167 Words   |  5 Pages‘Cosmetic surgery should be banned.’ Do you have one thing you would like to change about your appearance? I would guess the answer is yes. People nowadays, especially women, are consumed with their appearance. Many strive to conform to what society views as the ‘perfect body image’ and this can make people extremely insecure about the way they look. They think that cosmetic surgery will solve this — it doesn’t. In fact, cosmetic surgery only enhances the need to look beautiful and can lead to manyRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Should Be Banned938 Words   |  4 Pagesfacial and body characteristics. Cosmetic surgery is an easy way to achieve those looks. People are willing to take the risk under the knife to reach society s level of beauty. Tummy tucks, liposuction, breast augmentation, and nose jobs are the most popular surgical procedures. Some people may think non-reconstructive surgery, surgery that is performed even though there are no abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors or disease, is not an issue. Cosmetic surgery raises a risk of addiction that leadsRead MoreShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned?765 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Should Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned? Introduction Nowadays, cosmetic surgery has become more popular for modern people. Some people believe that it is a science to improve the beauty of a person. On the other hand, there are some people disagree with it. People said that cosmetic surgery involves risk which may cause serious diseases such as heart attack. Both of the side have their own reasonable reason based on should or should not ban cosmetic surgery. Agree to ban the cosmetic surgery Read MoreCosmetic Surgery : Becoming More Common817 Words   |  4 PagesKardashian, and Kylie Jenner are making cosmetic surgery the â€Å"It† thing. Cosmetic surgery should not be given to teens. Cosmetic surgery is risky and should not be used as a quick fix for self-esteem and body image. Cosmetic surgery is the procedure of enhancing the patient’s appearance. Teens seeking cosmetic surgery is becoming more common. There are certain surgeries that are common in teens that get cosmetic surgery. People believe that cosmetic surgery should be banned for people that are under the ageRead MorePlastic Surgery Should Be Banned For Teenagers 18943 Words   |  4 Pagesreconstruct or repair body parts for cosmetic reasons in a procedure called plastic surgery. It was not long before teenagers 18 years of age and younger noticed the potential benefits of receiving these surgeries, such as fixing misconstrued facial features, or even taking away some unwanted fat. In 2012 there were 130,502 cosmetic procedures performed on teenagers below the age of 19 (Singh). There has been an increase of interest in teenagers for cosmetic surgery and the most common procedures doneRead MorePlastic Surgery Helps Self-Esteem Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å" To men a man but a mind. Who cares what face he carries or what he wears? But woman’s body is still the woman. â€Å"(Bierce,1958). People nowadays want to be more beautiful and perfect. They will do anything to fulfill their needs. Cosmetic surgery is modern variation of a practice as old as humankind. Every culture has some customs that prescribe deliberately changing a body’s natural appearance (Brain, 1979). The methods, however, are diverse and particular to a culture at a specific period of timeRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Is It A Good Idea? Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagestrend and the number of teen plastic surgeries has increased and has become popular . Some popular procedures that teens undergo before turning adults is liposuction, rhinoplasty and breast implants. However it is a big step and there are many reasons, teenagers should wait to have the elective surgery done. Because their bodies and way of thinking and reasoning are still developing, they can change their decision multiple times. They might want to do a plastic surgery, in few months they might not wantRead MorePlastic Surgery Ethics Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery is a rapidly evolving field spread around the world. Plastic surgery deals with human appearance and is becoming a more profitable business throughout the years. It is divided into two sections, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. An ethical dilemma that corresponds to plastic surgery is the loss of human values patients encounter once they undergo surgery. Also, individuals that depend on cosmetic surgery detract from patients that are in urgent need of these procedures. The replacement Read MoreCosmetic Surgery And Its Effects On Society1462 Words   |  6 Pages In the past few years cosmetic surgeries popularity has increased, with wanting to look a certain way, the way that the media perceives body image for women, usually they use Botox, aesthetic surgery, and a reconstructive surgery; to fix facial features and body parts after a horrible accident. However the controversy begins is, how it can be harmful to every ones body and minds. Most people do not realize the damaging side effects with what is being injected into their bodies. Botox is one of

The Pursuit Of Happiness - 2173 Words

The Pursuit of Happiness A true basis of what it means to be an American can be thoroughly argued on the grounds of what constitutes an American, is an American born or is an American made. The collective identity of the American populace is the shared characteristics, the same drive, which ultimately results in oneness. The unique American cultural identity is the shared revolutionary nature, which drives Americans toward progressive social changes in the pursuit of personal happiness. The original thirteen colonies faced a rather odd situation in their nascent years. Far enough away from Britain to not completely live under their control, the colonies began to form a new way of defining themselves. Rather than simply being British colonies they wanted to act as a sovereign nation in their own right. Fearful of the colonies gaining too much power the British government implemented a set of Acts, such as the Intolerable Act and Tea Stamp Act, with the intention of them limiting the c olonies freedom and smothering any chance of rebellion. However, the colonist took this as an act of oppression instead and rose above it in order to regain their personal freedoms. They felt that their society had plateaued into mediocrity under the rule of King George as they didn’t have protected rights (The American Pageant, 126-133). In the hopes of ridding the colonies of the British rule war broke out, the crude colonist soldiers fighting against the well-polished British army,Show MoreRelatedThe Pursuit of Happiness760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pursuit of Happiness Andrew Roberts PSY/220 June 9, 2013 The Pursuit of Happiness The Pursuit of Happiness for one person is different for that of another person. The same goes for those of different cultures. It could be the traditions in how they are brought up as children and what they are taught to believe at an early age. In America we are continually told about the American Dream which is the portrait of the perfect family in a Norman Rockwell painting, the perfect job, the houseRead MorePursuit of Happiness732 Words   |  3 PagesIs the pursuit of happiness the most important goal in life or is it just selfish? I once was told that the average person thinks about happiness at least twice a day. Its only 9pm and I can already tell you that Ive been happy and unhappy many times today. If I asked a group of people what they wanted most out of their lives for themselves or their family, whether for tomorrow or the rest of your life, most people would say happiness. Some might say money, but only because they think money willRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness1320 Words   |  6 PagesZakaria El Amrani El Idrissi THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer thinks that real happiness does not exist. In his view, the best a person can achieve is to reduce misery. Through his book The wisdom of life, he explains that for true happiness we need the complete absence of all pain and the complete satisfaction of all desires. For Schopenhauer, a bearable life consists of having very low expectations. Following this logic, to live a less miserable lifeRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pursuit of Happiness Every other Monday morning the workers of the fast food restaurant next door line up in my lobby waiting to cash their paychecks. There is a wide range of ages, races, and sexes; there is no one demographic in the lobby. The conversations are about coworkers not present or about their spouses. They complain about the long shifts or an angry customer they encountered in the drive up this morning. One young woman discusses her daughter’s adventures at kindergarten. ThereRead MorePursuit of Happiness1081 Words   |  5 PagesNà ³i là   7 tià ªu chà ­ nhÆ °ng t là  m luà ´n 1 cà ¡i dà  n à ½ nhà ©. Tà ´i ghi má º ¥y chi tiá º ¿t giá º £i thà ­ch tá » «ng phá º §n cho mn xem Ä‘á »Æ' dá »â€¦ hiá »Æ'u nhà ©. Tuy nhià ªn tá º ¡i cà ³ 1 sá »â€˜ cà ¡i trong sà ¡ch ko cà ³ giá º £i thà ­ch cá » ¥ thá »Æ' nà ªn tà ´i tà ¬m thà ªm trà ªn má º ¡ng ná º ¿u má » i ngÆ °Ã¡ » i thá º ¥y cá º §n bá »â€¢ sung hay cá º ¯t bá »â€ºt gà ¬ thà ƒ ¬ cá » © cmt nhà © :D 7 tià ªu chà ­ gá »â€œm: - Plot - Character (Character vá »â€ºi Plot tui cho luà ´n và  o Overview nhà © ko sá » £ mn lá º ¡i thá º ¯c má º ¯c sao ko Ä‘á » § 7 má » ¥c) - Setting - Point of view - Style- Tone- Language - Themes - Symbolism Cà ²n Ä‘Ã ¢y dà  n à ½. Tà ´i há » iRead MoreIn The Pursuit of Happiness578 Words   |  3 PagesIndividuals try to find happiness, but like water or air, it is hard to clench in your hands. As defined in Merriam-Webster (2014), happiness is a state of well-being and contentment. However, happiness is hard to achieve, but it can be as simple as being contented, doing what you love, and living who you really are. Furthermore, everyone asks how one would know that they have it already. Happiness is hard to achieve. Some people follow several steps in order to get what they want. People have unlimitedRead MorePursuit of Happiness647 Words   |  3 Pages25 April 2014 Authentic Happiness We began this course with the question â€Å"What is happiness? and Can we all achieve authentic Happiness? In our life we are taught many things, but we are not taught how to achieve our own happiness. Over the last five weeks we truly learned what happiness is and I believe we all can achieve authentic happiness in our life. In Authentic Happiness, Martin Seligman uses happiness and well being as the terms to describe the goals of Positive Psychology. The desiredRead MoreAn Analysis of The Pursuit of Happiness752 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pursuit of Happyness Abstract Some of the most common themes in contemporary biographical films revolve around social life as well as the accompanying problems that living in todays society entails. By making connections to individual personal lives, these films help most people make sense of the world in which they live. In this regard, this paper focuses on the film, The Pursuit of Happyness outlining various cultural issues as well as problems faced by the starring; Will Smith playingRead MoreThe Pursuit of Happiness Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesFor our Economics subject, we watched The Pursuit of Happyness, a movie based on Chris Gardner, a salesman who was not making that much money and eventually experiences homelessness with his five-year old son. He faces problems when his wife is unwilling to accept his goal to become a stockbroker and leaves him. However, he perseveres even under all this stress. Chris Gardner excels at his stockbroker internship in Dean-Witter, earning the attention and respect from his superiors. However, hisRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pursuit of Happiness vs. the Pursuit of Meaning â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that ALL men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† As you know these words come from the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, perhaps one of the greatest documents ever written. However, I do have a little problem with the last four words sentence, â€Å"the pursuit of Happiness† because

Music Composer Beethoven. Ludwig Van Beethoven Was One

Music Composer Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the most famous German composers who played a huge role in pioneering the transition of music from the classical era to the Romantic era. His work in concerto, symphony, sonata, and quartet is considered instrumental in expanding both the scope and reach of music. He also came up with a new way of combining vocals and instruments. Beethoven struggled with auditory decline for most of his life, and was nearly deaf toward the end. Interestingly, some of his most important works were composed during the last ten years of his life. He died in 1827 at the age of 56. Beethoven was born on December 16th 1770 in the city of Bonn, which was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire (Morris†¦show more content†¦His father arranged the recital and falsely billed it as little son of six years, which was Mozart s age when he performed for the Empress, Maria Theresa. However, although Beethoven s recital was impressive, it received no media coverage. By the age of ten, Beethoven began learning music full-time under the tutelage of Christian Gottlob Neefe, the Court Organist, who would later come to be recognized as his most crucial teacher. Under his guidance, Beethoven published his first composition at the age of twelve. It comprised a set of piano variations on a theme by Dressler, who was an obscure classic composer. In 1784, Beethoven became an Assistant Court Organist that put him on the court payroll with an annual salary of 150 florins. In 1787, Beethoven was sent to Vienna, Europe’s capital of music and culture, where he hoped to study with Mozart (Davies, The Character of a Genius 54). Whether Beethoven ever managed to study with Mozart or even to meet him remains unclear due to lack of evidence. Unfortunately, he had to return home to Bonn shortly after since his mother was ill. When Beethoven was 19 years old, he was accorded with the responsibility of composing a musical memorial for Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor who had passed away in 1790. However, for unknown reasons, Beethoven’s composition was never performed. Johannes Brahms later discovered his composition and described it as â€Å"beautiful andShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven, One of the Greatest Composers of the Roomantic Period1099 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Ludwig van Beethoven Multitudes of music books recount the life of Ludwig van Beethoven and his contributions to music. There are many different texts that provide hard evidence that he was an individual who went on to become one of the best-known composers of all times. The early life of music saw many composers try to succeed with writing and publishing music. However, Ludwig van Beethoven emerged to become a crucial figure during the transition from Classical to Romantic erasRead MoreComposer Report: Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesComposer report: Ludwig van Beethoven On 17 December 1770, Ludwig van Beethoven was born. He was an amazing and great classical musical composer. He is known for being the most famous composer of the classical and romantic periods of music. According to the â€Å"Enjoyment of Music† manual, Beethoven was born in Bohn, Germany. His father, with his grandfather, was the two singers at the court of a local prince, Friedrich Max. (Forney and Machlis 197). Beethoven began to take an interest in music fromRead MoreEssay on Ludwig Van Beethoven1148 Words   |  5 Pagesstrongly influence the course of events. Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German musician, is one of those very few. He was an extraordinary musician that lived through hardship and had the horrific fate of deafness, any musician’s worst nightmare. Beethoven left a wall standing in history that captured the art of sounds and worked it beyond imagination into music so fragile and pure yet onerous, unable to be matched by any succeeding composer. His determination to push music forward, go beyond the thinkable, andRead MoreThe Classical Romantic And Modern Era1058 Words   |  5 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was German Composer Pianist I have never thought of writing for reputation and honor. What I have in my heart must out; that is the reason why I compose Ludwig Van Beethoven piano compositions were published at the age of thirteen. He took a simple ideas creates his worksRead MoreLaqwandra Myers. Ludwig Van Beethoven . February 1, 2017.1066 Words   |  5 PagesMyers Ludwig van Beethoven February 1, 2017 Music Appreciation 101 L. Webb M/W 12:30PM-2:00PM â€Æ' When asking anyone to name a famous composer in history, a few names will always be mentioned. They are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claude Debussy, and Ludwig van Beethoven, just to name a few. Every composer mentioned have become famous in their own rights, and have inspired musicians for centuries. Arguably, the most famous composer in history would be Ludwig van Beethoven. BeethovenRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Composer Of All Time, And For Good Reason1459 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is perhaps the most well known composer of all time, and for good reason. Born in the Classical era, Beethoven composed music that people could connect to and feel in a way that they had never experienced before. Beethoven was a great musical innovator as a result of his work as a composer, his assistance in the transition from the Classical era to the Romantic era of music, and his famous Ninth Symphony. Ludwig van Beethoven was born on either December 16th or 17th in the yearRead MoreThe Revelation Of Beethovens Childhood1617 Words   |  7 PagesLife as it was for Beethoven had many varying elements, and this research paper will be revealing a lot of what he went through as a young boy all the way to the end of his life and career as the world renowned Ludwig van Beethoven. The basis for this paper is to express and expound on the life and career of Beethoven, and why he was seen as part of the pivotal transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. The topics that will be discussed will be the revelation of Beethoven’s childhood andRead More Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesGerman composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers ha rsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sent toRead MoreBeethovens Life Outline1208 Words   |  5 PagesIntro: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was an innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet, and combining vocals and instruments in a new way. His personal life was marked by a struggle against deafness, and some of his most important works were composed during the last 10 years of his life, when he was quite unable to hear. He is an crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, a pianist, a composer who remains one of the

Research Case Study First Cafe - Click to Get Solution

Questions: Option A: Case Study - First CafePlease read the Case Study First Cafe, and then complete the tasks that follow.To complete the tasks, you will need to undertake research of the caf industry, and refer to the marketing plan provided.As First Caf is a fictitious business, you can make any realistic assumptions and use any other relevant information in your responses.First CafeA group of young entrepreneurs set up a caf business in Melbourne in 2012. They named their business First Cafe, as this was their first business venture together. The First Caf offers a range of hot and cold beverages, cakes, pastries and a few simple dishes for lunch. It is aimed at young, affluent residents and professionals from the surrounding area. They open from 7am (to serve coffee) until 3pm, five days per week.The owners (who are jointly responsible for the management of the caf) understand that they are competing with the other local caf businesses, both independent and chain cafs and restaurant busin esses. Despite the competition, First Cafe has enjoyed substantial business growth since its opening three years ago.Before setting up their business, the owners did some informal research that led them to understand possible customers needs. These include environment, friendliness of staff, and the quality of food and service. They also relied on advice from friends who own a caf that had been successfully operating for 3 years in a nearby suburb in Melbourne. Their friends shared with them their marketing plan for their established coffee shop. The First Caf management team based their initial operations on this marketing plan. This marketing plan can be accessed by clicking on the following link:https://simulations.ibsa.org.au/coffeeville/secure/docs/CoffeeVille%20Marketing%20Plan.pdfThe owners of First Caf have created a warm environment in their caf through the homely decoration of the first outlet. The staff chat with the customers to create a friendly environment and providin g personal service is a priority.In terms of business results, they recorded $800 000 revenue in the last financial year, with a net profit of $100 000. Their PL suggests a lot of money has been invested to build the brand through marketing activities and operational expenses that include rental of a prime location, and wages (27.5%). The PL also suggests COGS are 60%.The main source of current sales and profit is its coffee and pastries. These two products contribute 80% of sales and profit.After such a good start, the owners now want to grow their business, initially through the introduction of new products or services in their existing cafe. Although financially they are now in a better position, they still need to justify further business investment. They know you are completing a marketing course at OTEN and have come to you to help them with ideas for expansion, justification and a business proposal. They are keen to hear your new ideas.Access the Caf and Coffee Shops IBIS Wor ld Industry Reports for external market data to assist with your analysis. The IBIS World Industry Reports are accessed online via the WSI Library, https://wsilibraries.tafensw.edu.au/ Log in with your TAFE username and password and click on IBIS World, then / Australia Industry Reports (ANZSIC) / then / Cafes and Coffee Shops in Australia.orOption B: An organisation of your choiceChoose an organisation that you are familiar with and complete the tasks outlined in Assignment 1 and 2 for this unit.You will be required to research this organisation and the market that it operates in to be able to successfully complete the tasks in these Assignments. Please ensure that you have access to information about: The market size, key competitors, market shares for key competitors and the organisation of your choice The organisational structure, goals, business plan, marketing plan, the management team Financial statement analysis return on investment, profit and loss, break-even point Resour cesAccess the IBIS World Industry Reports for external market data to support your analysis. The IBIS World Industry Reports are accessed online via the WSI Library, https://wsilibraries.tafensw.edu.au/ Log in using your TAFE username and password and click on IBIS World, then / Australia Industry Reports (ANZSIC) / then the industry in which your organisation operates.If you are considering undertaking the Assignments in this unit using Option B, it is highly recommended that you contact your OTEN teacher to clarify if you have access to sufficient information to successfully complete these assignments before commencing.Task 1a) Research the market that either First Caf or your chosen organisation operates in and conduct an external analysis (include a PESTEL analysis). If you are using an organisation of your choice, include a description of it and its market.b) Using a range of secondary sources of information and data, identify, at least, three (3) potential new products and/or services that you could suggest to the management team for either First Caf or your chosen organisation.Use the Task 1 b) template to capture your potential ideas.Be sure to reference your sources of information and include them in a reference list at the end of this assignment.Task 1 b) Template Potential ideas Brief reason(s) Source of information Market potential estimate: (Estimate number of people who may buy X The amount of money spent in a week X 52) c) From your list of opportunities, choose two (2) that you believe will be the most successful. Justify your choices based on your research.Use the Task 1c) Template to help with your responses to this task.Task 1 c) Template Potential ideas (your Justification two choices from the list in Task 1 b): Task 2There are a number of tools that can be used to analyse marketing opportunities. Analyse each of the two opportunities you have chosen in Task 1 c) using the following two tools:a) Porters Five Forces model. This model helps the company to understand the attractiveness of the opportunities.b) A SWOT analysis. This is a fit analysis between internal and external elements of the company.Use the following templates to help with your responses to this task.Task 2 a) Template - Porters Five Forces model Task 2 b) - SWOT analysis SWOT Opportunity 1: Opportunity 2: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Overall assessment Answers: Task 1 (a) PESTEL Analysis for First Caf First Caf is started by the young entrepreneurs as a business venture that offers hot and cold beverages, pastries, cakes and delicious snacks and dishes for food to young students, professionals and residents of Melbourne. The environment analysis for First Foods is done through PESTEL factors which includes the following: Political Factors- The company follows all the relevant legislations including food safety, environment laws, Health and safety laws and packaging and labeling laws which First Caf ethically follows in its practices. The government of Australia focuses on the future legislations for skill growth and economic growth that provides the company with positive future prospects (Martin and Schouten, 2012). Economic Factors- The Australian economy is optimistic with its strong financial position with the retail and mining sectors. The unemployment rate is below 5 percent that is consistent and will gradually decrease (Levens, 2014). This indicates a growth forecast which is steady and Melbourne forecasts to grow. The marketing and consumers perspectives indicate a buying shift from the luxury item like cars and TVs; with the refreshment and pamper activities while having food and coffee with friends, family and colleagues. Social Factors- The clients and staff both have friendly and cooperative conditions to increase social aspects in the working culture. First Caf promotes the work culture by contributing to environment and social factors and are socially responsible while conducting the business (Kotler and Keller, 2012). Technological Factors- First Caf provides the new opportunities for marketing by involving the internet usage by providing WIFI Zone in caf, promotion through social networking sites, and is evolving a technology where the customer may order online and specify time for serving before coming to the Caf; this will enhance quick service, spend time with others and also relish food with time. This is an effective use to reach all the clients through the website and social networking site (Kollmann and Suckow, 2012). Environmental Factors- The company focuses on the business process that ensures the eco-friendly processes and practices that have minimal environmental impacts. The First Caf looks at the opportunity for corporate social responsibility in its supply chain and looks for providing the products in recyclable packaging (Kotler and Keller, 2012). Legal Factors- First Caf ensures to follow all legal requirements be it in product safety or staff safety and health and employment regulations and more. The company ensures its growth opportunities by improving its performance by satisfying all the regulations on product safety and employees health and safety (Grewal and Levy, 2012). (b) New Product / Services Potential Ideas Reasons Source of Information Market Potential (no. of people buying x amount of money spent in a week x 52) New varieties of flavors of Pastry puddings and cookies The nearby restaurants lack in the bakery services for the clients, thus by providing the cakes, pastries and cookies in variety of flavors will enhance the sales of the products (Grewal and Levy, 2012) Past sales data of the bakery products 25x50x52= $65000 New snacks in the menu like- Pasta and Mayonnaise Sandwiches The new offering of the snacks and menu will help the customers with more choice in the snacks section Customers Feedback on the products and product range 15x75x52= $58500 Start the Catering Services in the events offering Coffee and pudding and pastry sections The position of store is near the colleges, university and corporate environment where there are various events which keep taking place, the prices and product offering by the First Caf will make it as the first choice during the events. Market Research data (Burns and Bush, 2014) 2x1000x52= $104000 (c) Potential Product / Services Potential Ideas Justification New varieties of flavors of Pastry puddings and cookies The company takes up bakery product offerings for its customers as the potential idea. This will ensure more Start the Catering Services in the events offering Coffee and pudding and pastry sections This business is the most practically sound opportunity as the position of store is near the colleges, university and corporate environment where there are various events which keep taking place, the prices and product offering by the First Caf will make it as the first choice during the events. The new bakery products will enhance the coffee business during the events. So catering business is the best opportunity to start exploring the target markets and potential customers. Task 2 (a) Porters Five Forces Force Opportunity 1: Opportunity 2: Rivalry There is a high rivalry in the market for Coffee shops First Caf faces competitions by Zeldas, Caf Verdi, McDonalds McCafe, Subway and Coffee Mia which are in nearby places. Also the entries of the international brands like Costa Coffee, Tim Hortons, Starbucks and Gloria Jeans have contributed to the rivalry in coffee and related product offerings (Timhortons.com, 2015). Threats of new entry The new entrants in the market for coffee stores is potentially high (MONSHOUWER, VAN LAAR and VOLLEBERGH, 2011) The market is approaching in saturation in many areas due to influence of new entrants through there is still less competition in nearby area. The absence of international brand have given the company to attract more customers but the new entrants locally and internationally might influence the customers choices in coffee chains so it is considered as the future threat for the company. Threats of substitute There is little threat of substitution for First Caf The company sells high variety of bakery food, high quality of coffee, tea, cold and hot drinks along with the best infrastructure, friendly atmosphere and with economical prices. The competition from highly developed coffee stores like Starbucks, McDonalds, Costa Coffee, Gloria Jeans, Caf Verdi and more will contribute to the threat of substitute (Pride and Ferrell, 2012). Buyer power The buyer power is high for the First Caf The buyers have fewer substitutes and are loyal towards the products of First Caf which has lead to high buyers power. The other reasons being the high variety of product range and variety of services with best infrastructure has contributed to high buying power. Supplier power The supplying power is low The Government regulations on exports of coffee from outside countries, backward integration has given a low supplier power for the company Overall attractiveness The overall performance of the company is dependent on the promotion and marketing techniques so that it may target more nearby customers (Yuan, Chang and Tzeng, 2012). The products and service offering must be focused to fulfill satisfaction of employees and the prices differentiation would help the company to face the global competitors from entering the area. (b) SWOT Analysis SWOT Opportunity 1: Opportunity 2: Strength Friendly, socially responsible and skilled staff, High quality of food and services, Best Infrastructure and Increasing customer loyalty (Pride and Ferrell, 2012) Increase in health consciousness among customers, Growth in coffee culture, and Great locality Weakness Increasing budget for promotions and new products, Limited area to serve more customers Local competitors promotional strategies, New entrants in market with coffee houses Opportunity Growing environmental friendly products, Business sustainability trend, Expanding the services through serving in events and corporate catering Rising mobile purchases, Integration of markets, Improving government support for infrastructure (Yuan, Chang and Tzeng, 2012) Threat Increasing employment regulation, Rise in availability of coffee machines specially for home use Rising labor cost in suppliers countries, Lack in supply of worldwide coffee Competition from highly developed coffee stores like Starbucks, McDonalds and more Overall Assessment The company focuses to improve the business opportunity by offering the products outside the coffee shop through catering business in the various events. It also focuses to increase the technological use and expansion of store area to serve more customers. The local competitors and brands are the threat for the company, so it focuses to provide a quality product and service at the economical prices that may attract the target group and also provide the best infrastructure with friendly atmosphere. References 1. Burns, A. and Bush, R. (2014). Marketing research. Boston: Pearson.2. Grewal, D. and Levy, M. (2012). Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.3. Kollmann, T. and Suckow, C. (2012). Influencing User Attitudes by Managing Online Brand Communication in E-Shops. MAR, 34(1), pp.40-54.4. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012). Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.5. Levens, M. (2014). Marketing 2014 + mymarketinglab with pearson etext access code. [Place of publication not identified]: Prentice Hall.6. Martin, D. and Schouten, J. (2012). Sustainable marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.7. MONSHOUWER, K., VAN LAAR, M. and VOLLEBERGH, W. (2011). Buying cannabis in coffee shops. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), pp.148-156.8. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. (2012). Marketing 2012. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning.9. Timhortons.com, (2015). Tim Hortons Language Selector. [online] Available at: https://www.timhortons.com/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2015].10. Yuan, B., Cha ng, H. and Tzeng, G. (2012). Evaluation of service quality continuous improvement in coffee shops. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, p.n/a-n/a.

German Journal Management Of Human Resource -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The German Journal Management Of Human Resource? Answer: Introduction The report talks about the significance of the human resource management. Coles Company has been selected to explain the case study. It explains the various key challenges and issue of the company. It tells that how the company overcome these challenges and build a strong position in the market. Coles group limited is an Australian public company that deals in retail and consumer products and services. It is the second biggest company in Australia in the retail industry. It was acquired the Wesfarmers company in 2007 with the transfer of ownership. It's headquarters located in Hawthorn East, Victoria Australia. There are approx 165,000 employees are employed in the company. It is one of the biggest supermarket companies in Australia. Gradually, it expanded its business across the world in order to achieve the long-term goals and objectives. It is listed on the Australian stock exchange, the London stock exchange and New Zealand stock exchange (Sanders, Shipton Gomes, 2014). Key issues for recruiting the labor force in Coles The organization is responsible to provide all the facilities to new candidates at the workplace. Coles is the second biggest supermarket company in Australia. Thus, various key recruitment challenges are faced by the company. They have been discussed below. Strong and effective employment offers by the competitors: It is one of the biggest key challenges that are faced by the company during recruiting the workforce. Woolworths, Aldi, and Metcash limited are the main competitors of the company. They offer the good employment opportunities to the new candidates compared to the Coles. Therefore, new applicants do not join this company and they join other companies. Thus, the firm faces many difficulties due to the excellent employment opportunities offered by the competitors (Paill, Chen, Boiral Jin, 2014). The labor force is not enough capable: It is a major issue in such company. The firm is not able to find efficient and potential workers to do work effectively and efficiently. The employees are not capable to deal with any problem and terrible situations. Thus, they cannot face the various competitors in the market. In this way, the company could not meet the targets and goals near future. The new applicants have high expectations: It is the super marketing company so employees expect high packages and wage payment for doing the work effectively and efficiently. Thus, the company is not able to fulfill the needs, requirements, and expectations of the new candidates. It is considered a significant key challenge for the firm to recruiting the workforce for assigning the task and duties to the applicants (Peters, Poutsma, Van der Heijden, Bakker Bruijn, 2014). Taking up the appointment letter but not join the company: It is another key issue of recruitment and selection in Coles. Many times it happens that the candidates who present in the interview, they take the offer letters but they do not join the company. In this way, the company has to face many problems and obstacles within the organization. Payment and wage issues: It is the common problem which is faced by every company to recruit the labor force at the workplace. Sometimes, the company makes delay in the payment system. It affects the image and position of the company adversely. Communication and motivation issues: If the Coles appoints new candidates to do the task and employment then the managers and new candidates are not able to maintain effective communication in the organization. Therefore, they feel lonely and they get disappointed. As a result, high employees turnover is increased in the firm. The working environment is also a big concern for the company (Kaufman, 2015). Organizational image: It plays a significant role in every organization. The organizational image depends on the performance and efficiency of the candidates. Before the interview, the candidates check the image of the company, whether the firm image is good or not, if the goodwill of the firm is not good then candidates do not join the company. It is one the significant key challenge for the firm to recruit the new candidates at the workplace. Compensation and remuneration: It also affects the business operations and activities adversely. Coles does not provide the higher compensation and incentives to the employees. Hence, various recruitment and selection challenges are faced by the company. Labor supply key challenge: It is one of the foremost factors in the firm. It focuses on the labor supply and labor in the international It is the best source to reach the organizational goals and objectives. But many times, the company could not fulfill the needs and requirements of the association due to the unsatisfactory demands and supply (Al-Refaie, 2015). Demographic issues: The various demographic factors include the education, culture, sex, and district. The poverty and health care are the big concern in Coles Company. The demographic issues include the diversity, aging workforce, and generations. In todays world, diversity is becoming the very important challenges for the company. Coles is the biggest supermarket chain in the Australia. The company does not expand its business because various HRM issues are faced by the firm. The cross-cultural differences also influence the recruitment strategies in the company negatively. Further, the organization checks the potentials and capabilities of the new candidates to gain the competitive advantages (Alfes, Shantz Truss, 2012). The generation also plays a vital role in every organization. The company does not provide the good opportunities to younger people. In this way, the firm is not able to gain the experience and knowledge of the younger candidate. They are more active and passionate compared to the older. It influences the performance and productivity of the organization. Coles does not check the capabilities and potential of new candidates at the time of recruiting the workforce in the firm. But it is mandatory to check and analyze the knowledge and experience of the new candidates. The demographic issues influence the business operations and activities of the company adversely (Singh, Darwish, Costa Anderson, 2012). Cross-cultural training: Cross-cultural training is essential for all the new candidates if they are hired by the firm for the international business and operations. Therefore, the firm needs to invest huge amount on the training of the new applicants. It is very expensive and time-consuming If the organization does not provide cross-cultural training to applicants then they could not perform the task and duties effectively that are assigned by the company (Andreeva Kianto, 2012). All these key issues and challenges are faced by the Coles during the recruitment and selection process. Recommended approaches and strategies After various researchers, it has been found then the firm should control the various recruitment challenges and issues to gain the sustainability and long-term goals and objectives of the firm. Thus, various approaches have been described to address these key challenges which have been discussed below (Thite, Wilkinson Shah, 2012). Mainly, Coles is using two HRM strategies to address these challenges such as performance management and reward management. Reward management uses for providing motivation and reward to new candidates for their excellent performance. On the other hand, performance management is based on the efficiency and productivity of the employees. Both play an integral role to enhance and increase the motivation and morale of the employees. It is the supermarket company that operates its business in Greenfield areas (Holm, 2012). The firm should make the retention strategies to improve and prevent the high turnover rate in the organization. It should improve the recruitment and selection process to attract the more applicants in the market. The firm should build and develop the human resource management in the organization to recruit the potential and capable applicants (Bardoel, Pettit, De Cieri McMillan, 2014). A company cannot run the business without sustainable human resource department. The HR personnel help to improve the quality and performance of the employees. The association should continue the development and improvement process to reduce the key HRM issues. The company should maintain the personnel management in the firm to manage and maintain the good employee-employer relationship. This management will also help to fulfill the basic needs and requirements of the employees at the workplace (Collings, 2014). Various cross-cultural training is conducted by the firm to improve the performance and efficiency of the workers. In this way, they are able to gain a lot of business knowledge and experience. The company should also provide various training and development programs to the workers. The company should use various retention, compensation and motivation methods to provide job satisfaction to the employees. In this way, they will do work with more efficiently and effectively. The company should take the employees feedback to analyze and evaluate their performance. The firm should recruit the employees on the basis of the worker's capabilities, experience, knowledge, and qualification. The false and wrong commitment should not be done by the employer and management (Thompson, 2011). The top management and managers should build and develop the good relationship with workers. They should maintain proper communication and teamwork in the firm. Supervisors must listen to the grievances and complaints of the workers and they should solve financial problems and grievances to provide satisfaction to the workers. It will also help to build the trust, faith and believe among the co-workers (Zoogah, 2011). Coles should use the employer branding strategy to reduce the various key challenges of the recruitment and selection. The brand is an identity to give an opportunity to the workers in the company. The employer branding strategy of the company is very good. Through branding strategy, the company can appoint the potential and talented employees in the organization. To promote the employer branding, the company should conduct various awareness programs in the market. Further advertising is another good strategy to attract the more candidates in the market. If the company appoints skilled and potential workers then it will help to increase long-term profit and revenue of the company. Through branding and advertising strategies, the company can achieve the mission and vision of the firm in near future. All these strategies play a vital role to reduce the key challenges of the recruitment and selection. The company should maintain a good working environment for the employees (Festing Sch fer, 2014). Conclusion A sustainable human resource management plays a crucial role in Coles. The paper explains the key challenges of recruitment in the firm. Thus, the company should make effective policies, procedures, and systems to reduce all these key challenges and issues. It should provide the job satisfaction to the workers to gain the competitive advantages. In this way, the company can also increase the sales in the market. It should also make some effective rules and regulations to control on the high employee turnover within the organization. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Truss, C. (2012). The link between perceived HRM practices, performance and well?being: The moderating effect of trust in the employer.Human Resource Management Journal,22(4), 409-427. Al-Refaie, A. (2015). Effects of human resource management on hotel performance using structural equation modeling.Computers in Human Behavior,43, 293-303. Andreeva, T., Kianto, A. (2012). Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance.Journal of knowledge management,16(4), 617-636. Bardoel, E. A., Pettit, T. M., De Cieri, H., McMillan, L. (2014). Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(3), 279-297. Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), 253-261. Festing, M., Schfer, L. (2014). Generational challenges to talent management: A framework for talent retention based on the psychological-contract perspective.Journal of World Business,49(2), 262-271. Holm, A. B. (2012). E-recruitment: towards an ubiquitous recruitment process and candidate relationship management.German Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), 241-259. Kaufman, B. E. (2015). Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated.Human Resource Management Review,25(1), 107-125. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O., Jin, J. (2014). The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), 451-466. Peters, P., Poutsma, E., Van der Heijden, B. I., Bakker, A. B., Bruijn, T. D. (2014). Enjoying New Ways to Work: An HRM?Process Approach to Study Flow.Human resource management,53(2), 271-290. Sanders, K., Shipton, H., Gomes, J. F. (2014). Guest editors introduction: Is the HRM process important? Past, current, and future challenges.Human Resource Management,53(4), 489-503. Singh, S., Darwish, T. K., Costa, A. C., Anderson, N. (2012). Measuring HRM and organisational performance: concepts, issues, and framework.Management Decision,50(4), 651-667. Thite, M., Wilkinson, A., Shah, D. (2012). Internationalization and HRM strategies across subsidiaries in multinational corporations from emerging economiesA conceptual framework.Journal of World Business,47(2), 251-258. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM.Human Resource Management Journal,21(4), 355-367. Zoogah, D. B. (2011). The dynamics of Green HRM behaviors: A cognitive social information processing approach.German Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), 117-139.

The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are international organisations created to provide financial aid, and enhance the structures of international payment systems in the world markets. In the year 1944, the two organisations began their operation following the signing of the Articles of Agreement by the member states. During its inception period, the IMF consisted of 45 members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two institutions share similar attributes in that they were created at the same time, are based in the US, and have analogous Articles of Agreement. However, the major distinction between the two institutions is that the World Bank is largely owned by the American citizens, while the IMF is largely owned by the European citizens. According to the economists, the two organisations have great i nfluence on global economic policies and strategies. Their authority over economic policies has contributed to the strengthening of the macroeconomic frameworks, reduction in sector deficits, and decline in public debt accumulations among the member states. Contrary to what economists assert, sceptics believe that the two international organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement (Antonio 34). Over time, the World Bank and the IMF have redefined their mandates as financial institutions. On this background, this article seeks to explore the validity of these criticisms by analysing the policies and actions of the two organisations. Background World Bank Before a country becomes a member of the World Bank, it must subscribe to the bank’s shares. Over time, the bank has majored on loan operations. Loans are awarded to banks, public institutions, and private organisations within their member states’ jurisdictions. In case a borrow er is from a non-member state, the borrower’s loan needs to be guaranteed by a member state. In accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement, all lending operations should be preceded by a guarantee agreement from member states. Before the year 1968, the bank was actively engaged in lending loans geared towards project developments. However, when the Basic Needs approach was adopted, under the leadership of Robert McNamara, the bank focused its operation on tackling poverty in the developing countries. Similarly, the bank started to offer assistance in development projects in developing countries by overseeing Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) programs (Suvedī 78).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through these programs, the bank aims to change the national economic policies among the member states. After the arrangement of the SAL, funds are distributed in a sy stematic manner over time according to the country’s ability to push for changes in specific policy areas. Notably, the bank needs their member states to change their economic policies in line with their requirements. This condition requires member states to reform their industrial, agricultural, financial, export and import policies. Through these measures, the countries have to share and sometimes relinquish their economic decisions to the World Bank. By doing so, the World Bank has interfered with the member states’ sovereignty contrary to the Articles of Agreement. Similarly, by interfering with its member state public administration apparatus, labour regulations, and public investment policies, the bank has acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement by compromising on the member state’s sovereignty. IMF The IMF allows its member states to contribute to the bank’s deposits. Through this contribution, each member state earns i nterest, quota, depending on its economy. According to the IMF regulations, the quotas consist of five tranches accessed in times of financial need. The member states have automatic access over one of the five tranches. However, other tranches are accessed under certain conditions and arrangements. Among these arrangements are Stand-By Arrangements, Poverty Reduction Arrangements, Growth Facility Arrangements, and Extended Fund Facility Arrangements. These arrangements and conditions were incorporated to ensure that the bank resources meet the member states’ goals of resolving balance of payment challenges in accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement. Under these conditions, the bank can only disburse its money to the borrower on a piecemeal basis. Similarly, the loans can be accredited when the borrowing state meets certain economic and financial policies required by the bank. Through these acts, critics argue that international organisations have not only interfered w ith the member states sovereignty but also limited their ability to create their own economic and financial policies. Criticisms Following the current state of the world economy, the two institutions have been heavily criticised for the ever-increasing gap between the poor nations and the rich nations. Critics argue that the two organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Currently, more than 400 organisations and NGOs have ganged up to call for the restriction and regulation of the two institutions (Lowenfeld 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to these groups, the two institutions lack the expertise to tackle social and environmental challenges affecting each specific country. As such, the organisations should formulate specific policies and measures to be used in each cou ntry. In addition, these groups argue that the IMF has only focused on rectifying short-term balances of payment challenges damaging the social fabric of several countries, rather than helping them as the Articles of Agreement assert. Globally, it is widely argued that the two international banks’ policies have worsened the global economic and financial situations. According to critics, the organisations’ policies have not only failed, but also worsened the economic conditions in the borrowing countries. A similar criticism claims that even in countries where the two organisations have led to the enhancement in macro-economic indicators, social disparities have been eminent. Notably the use of one-size-fits all approach and restrictions of government involvements in their policies have resulted in a vicious cycle of stagnation. These approaches have seen the debtor countries reduce the public expenditure in several sectors including health, education, and other social services. In the recent past, more debtors have had to privatise their state firms, limit credit lending, and reform their tax policies to meet the requirements stipulated by the two organisations (Schrijver 56). Through these measures, the organisations have triggered conflicts in some nations. For instance, in the year 2000, the World Bank forced the Bolivian government to privatize its water service system. They had to abide by the World Bank’s directive to qualify for the 25 million US dollars they had requested for from the institution. Through this move, the government of Bolivia had to reorganise its resource management systems to suit the foreign interests rather than the country’s interests. These initiatives later sparked numerous protests and demonstrations from the country’s citizens. On the other hand, critics have criticised the two organisations for their lack of transparency and democracy in their affairs. Though the institutions claim that they are transparent, their hypocrisy is evidenced every time they carry out their activities in seclusion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critics argue that the organisations should exercise transparent governance because as they require from their debtors. The IMF has been heavily criticised by sceptics for its lack of transparency in most of its acts. Sceptics argue that before IMF enters into an agreement with any country, they already have decided on the policy proposals thus limiting the country’s ability to adjust on these proposals. Through these acts, the IMF does not only contradict its governance procedures as stipulated in the Articles of Agreement, but also perpetuates unresponsive policies leading to severe economic condition in debtor countries (Qureshi 67). Criticisms on the democratic deficit bases their principles on the fact that the funds lend from these institutions are provided by the G-7 member states. According to the critics, it is wrong for the two institutions to impose inappropriate policies on countries that have no ability to contribute to the decision processes in the two organisat ions. Similarly, the restrictions of the debtor countries’ participation in decision-making processes amount to violation of their rights to govern their country directly and indirectly. In addition, the citizens of the debtor countries have limited mechanisms to force the two organisations to be accountable in their acts. Analysis The World Bank’s and the IMF’s articles of the agreement are clearly outlined, and any acts by these organisations not covered in the Articles of Agreement are considered ultra vires. Thus, the functions of the two institutions must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. In the recent past, the two organisations have been heavily criticised for interfering with political and social affairs of their member states. According to article 10, of the World Bank Articles of Agreement, the bank and its personnel are prohibited from interfering with political affairs of their member states (Simon Bryan 34). As such, the articles ass ert that political individuals in the member state should not influence the bank’s decision. This implies that the bank should focus on economic affairs rather than political affairs of member states when formulating their policies. As emphasised in their Articles of Agreement, the bank should uphold the political sovereignty of its member states. Similarly, the IMF’s Articles of Agreement prohibit the organisation from participating in political interference among the member states. From the stipulations outlined above, it is apparent that the international lending institutions embrace the same view on political actions in member states. Contrary to this rule, these organisations are accused to be working under the preference of the United States and other industrialized countries. These countries are alleged to be providing structural constraints within which the IMF and the World Bank work. Beyond these constraints set by the industrialised nations, activities of th e IMF and the World Bank are subjective to professional economists whose intentions are in accordance with particular institutional environments. Owing to this, the IMF and the World Bank prescriptions have been accused of aiding political pressures and institutional constraints from their stakeholders’ countries. Since their inceptions, corruption has been a great concern for the two organisations. The organisation has condemned on the vice recognising as a major challenge in the developing countries. In the affected countries, corruption has drained their national resources and negatively affected their economy. The organisations have been advocating for the formation of anticorruption bodies in the affected member states to thwart the practice. Challenges arise when the affected member state borrows money from the international organisations. According to their Articles of Agreements, the institutions are supposed to ensure that the money borrowed is used in the intended p urpose. In this regard, the organisations cannot separate themselves from the issues of corruption in the affected countries. However, their involvements must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. Through this, they are required to advise, encourage, and support the affected countries in fighting corruption only without being involved in their political affairs. However, over the years, the World Bank and the IMF have formulated policies that have deprived the lawfully governments’ abilities to create their own economic policies and programs. Though the two organisations have refuted the claims, these acts are eminent from the way they distribute their loans to various governments. Several literatures have focused on how the IMF and World Bank have trampled on the national sovereignty of its member states. These literatures assert that the institutions have compromised on the national sovereignty of the member states through imposing conditionality on their loans. Remarkably, international organisations including the World Bank and the IMF have imposed western cultural values on emerging economies disregarding on their autonomy. According to Graham Bird, when countries turn to IMF for fiscal assistance they have to aware that they are losing their national sovereignty over economic policy to the institution. Another writer, Catherine H. Lee, believes that the IMF and the World Bank have greatly interfered with the internal affairs of developing member states. Thus, it is a fact that the two international organisations are interfering with the political affairs of their member states indirectly through their conditionality arrangement. By doing so, critics’ allegations that the organisations are acting contrary to the powers bestowed to them by the Articles of Agreement are confirmed. Over the last decade, the two organisations have evolved immensely astonishing the critics and their founders. Their expansion has come to be referred to as economic creep by the sceptics. Between the two organisations, the IMF has been greatly criticised due to its dramatic expansion. During its inception, the IMF was only mandated to provide fiscal assistance and assist countries manage their balance of payment challenges. However, over time the institution has expanded its boundaries to include development and poverty eradication programs. Through these initiatives, the IMF has acted contrary to its Articles of Agreement since these acts were not envisioned in the original articles. Those against this move argue that it is illegal for the institution to engage itself in activities meant for other organs of the UN agencies. Through these changes, conditionality measures have been introduced. Over time, these conditionality measures have expanded to oversee adjustment of national currencies. In the recent past, the measures have expanded to include trade liberalization, bankruptcy legislation, poverty eradication measures, anti terr orism measures, and bankruptcy legislations. IMF and ultra vires acts Through their massive expansion, the IMF has been accused of overstepping its mandate outlined in the Articles of Agreement. The IMF has compromised its original mandate of facilitating payment adjustments through these dramatic expansions. If the organisation had stuck to its original mandate, it could have generated little business. However, by redefining its roles to meet with the current economic challenges, the institution has had to deal with issues tackled by the multilateral development banks leading to the conflict of interests. For instance, the IMF’s shift to finance the long-term balance of payment had long been initiated by the World Bank. The World Bank had tried to tackle the issue before they changed their mandate to finance projects aimed at eradicating poverty. Equally, the IMF has overstepped its mandate by availing its funds to all developing countries. As stated in the Articles of Agree ment, the IMF’s balance of payment support is limited to low income developing countries. Through these acts, the IMF has denied some countries with chronic payments deficits chances to revive their situations. In its attempt to enhance the development and poverty alleviation programs in the developing countries, IMF strategies and structural conditionality have covered all areas related to development policy. Through this act, the organisation has not only acted contrary to the Articles of Agreement, but also created numerous problems in development policy. It is alleged that the institution is not competent to tackle such complex issues. Those opposed to this move argue that there are serious risks in relinquishing development matters to international organisations mandated to tackle short-term financial challenges. It is a fact that the IMF’s involvement in poverty reduction programs may yield fruits; however, this does not imply that that the organisation is acting in accordance with the Articles of Agreement by working in such areas. The IMF should realise that there are other recognised institutions, with expertise and resources, mandated to work in such areas. In this regard, the IMF should stop with immediate effect duplicating other institutional projects, and rather cooperate and coordinate development projects directed by these institutions. The IMF and the World Bank have refuted claims that they are duplicating their functions. The two organisations argue that they are closely working together to coordinate their programs and to minimise overlap. However, reality indicates that indeed the two organisations are duplicating their roles contrary to their Articles of Agreement. Through these acts, opponents have called the two organisations to merge their roles. Similarly, the two organisations leadership has been accused of being undemocratic. The voting rights in the two institutions are not allocated on the principles of democracy. As such, most of their votes are allocated to wealthy industrialized nations. This implies that the more money a country has the more votes they earn from the two organisations. Allegations against the IMF in Asia In Asia, IMF’s and the World Bank strategies in the past have conflicted with their Articles of Agreement. During the Asian crisis, Indonesia was adversely affected by the economic challenges due to poor policies and strategies, which were implemented by the IMF to reverse on the situation. During this period, 1997 to 1998, the Indonesian currency lost its value by 83% owing to forceful interactions of politics and economics policies. As a result, Indonesia’s economic imbalances were rated among the worst in Asia. In their attempt to reverse on these situations, the IMF had to step in and help the country from further economic plunders. Through this, the IMF advised the Indonesian government to reduce on their expenditure, cut down expenditure on social service s, privatise its state firms, and adopt appropriate fiscal policies. Before the country could be funded, to bail its state institution out of the fiscal challenges, they had to meet IMF’s conditions. Later on the IMF’s program in the country led to several problems. The structure of the program adopted was so complex that the country could not incorporate. Similarly, the provisions provided by the IMF strained the Indonesian government’s ability to ease its social pressures. On the other hand, restructuring led to a rapid decline in the economy’s expansion raising the level of public frustration. During the crisis, the Indonesian market confidence was greatly affected by the financial catastrophe. Under the IMF’s program, the country was prohibited from bailing out banks and private companies that succumbed to the crisis. As a result, Indonesian businesses suffered. Later on when the government implemented tight monetary policies under directives f rom the IMF and the World Bank, the country witnessed the closure of several unprofitable banks, reduction in budgetary spending, and the failure of extended companies. Because of these, the IMF realised that their acts were going to trigger social tension. To prevent such occurrence, the IMF approved that under no circumstances could the elites be exempted from the sternness. Through this move, the IMF moved in to fight corruption to restore market confidence in the country. Critics argue that the IMF and the World Bank initiatives during the crisis were out of their power as stated out in their Articles of Agreement. The IMF’s structural reforms in the short term had negative implications on the country’s economy. As such, when Indonesia adopted these structural reforms in accordance with the IMF’s directive, they increased their country’s future indebtedness. Economists assert that if the country could have used $10 billion IMF standby finance during t he crisis, the country’s debt stock could have increased by 70%. According to the economists, these figures could have been extremely high, and could have led to further economic crises such as defaults in the long-term foreign debt payment. Another challenge experienced in Indonesia during the crises was that the public was under-informed on the roles of the IMF during the crises. According to economic analysts, the challenges in Asia at the time were unique. In this respect, the analyst believed that the IMF deployed the wrong policies and strategies worsening the situation. This implies that, the budget cutting, credit tightening and emergency bank closures were inappropriate. Therefore, the banking sector should have been strengthened by the government and the IMF rather than enhancing their hasty closures. Through this, the IMF and the Indonesian government should have advised the weaker banks to merge with the stronger banks and encourage them to raise their capital bas es. Economic crisis in Russia The Russian economic crises of the year 1988 proved that international lending organisations interfere with economic, social, and political activities of their member states. By examining, the IMF’s involvement in Russia for the last decade, we can affirm this allegation. The institution has not only interfered with the country’s political structures, but also objected the second phase of reforms desired by the Russian citizens. From the beginning of their involvement in Russia, the IMF’s interests were driven by the western interest and aspirations in the region. As such, the institution was not competent to tackle the issues faced by the Russians during the economic crisis. It is alleged that the institution was largely preferred over the EU since it solved the country’s crisis in accordance to the US’ wishes. At the same time, the US interest in the region promoted its overall rating. Similarly, by engaging itself i n the Russian economic crisis, the IMF saw this as an opportunity to take a lead in policy alteration economies. Before the crisis, the institution was actively engaged in tackling balance of payment challenges in member states. Based on these allegations, the IMF overstepped its mandate right from the time it began its involvements in Russia. As stated above, several challenges emerged from the institutions involvements in the country. During this period, the IMF had little experience of tackling long-term economic issues since this mandate was not stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. In this regard, the institution was not competent enough to enhance the country’s transition from communism to capitalism. When Russian government was faced with an economic crisis in the late 1980s, they applied for membership in the IMF. Its membership was fully granted in the year 1992. Following this, the institution funded the country’s government in two phases before stopping . Critics assert that although the IMF allowed the country to become part of its members, the institution was slow in responding to the country’s needs. According to the critics, the slowness to respond implied that the organisation was acting under the policies and interests of the Western countries who are the major shareholders. Through this act, the IMF acted above its powers stipulated in the Articles of Agreement by being influenced by political interests. Similarly, the institution is criticised for its steps in advising the Russian government to liberalise their markets and privatise their state firms contrary to the Russians wishes. Through this move, several protests and demonstrations were witnessed through Russia. Similarly, the Russian parliament was involved in objecting the government’s directive. According to the demonstrators, the government had made a wrong decision by accepting foreign assistance in the management of their economic crisis. Those oppo sed to the move were fully aware that international organisation participations in their country would compromise on their national sovereignty. Allegations against the World Bank Having been in the lending business for more than five decades, the World Bank is a major lending institution in its field. The bank provides more than $20 billion annually to its borrowers. Its stakeholders through a board of directors control the bank. During its inception, the bank was mandated to alleviate poverty through funding long-term development projects. Over time, the bank has expanded its roles and become more bureaucratic, more inwardly focused, and more averse to criticisms. Through this initiative, the bank has fostered a lending culture disregarding the risks of failure. Similarly, its management team has lied to the public on its lending operations, fostering an illusion that the institution is aimed at enhancing world developments. Because of these, the sceptics have condemned the World Bank for acting above its mandate. Although the organisation management teams are responsible for the bank’s success, they develop and implement economic policies as they are pleased disregarding the Articles of Agreement. It is alleged that the bank’s management teams are the gods of lending. This implies that they have disregarded the terms stated out in the article of agreement by leading the bank to perform its unintended missions and ignoring their professional obligations. Similarly, it is alleged that the bank is cooperating with some of the third world government officials to fund white elephant projects contrary to the best interest of the citizens in these developing nations. Critics argue that the bank pretends to be lending their funds for noble initiatives in the third world countries, while the borrowers pretend they will put the funds in the noble initiatives. Through these illegal acts, some of the bank’s staff and borrowers’ leaders have been able to serve their own interests at the expense of the poverty-stricken citizens. Notably, the World Bank’s initiatives relating to governance and anticorruption have attracted numerous criticisms. In the late 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF activities in the developing world were being faced with numerous challenges owing to rampant cases of corruption in the countries. After decades of lending, the bank realized that the borrowers were losing their borrowed money through corruption. The bank attempted to stop the prevalence of corruption through investigations, identification, and exposure of fraud committed against Bank projects. Through these acts, it depicted an appropriate step towards fostering accountability and transparency in their projects, which was against the provision stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. After a futile attempt to stop corruption cases, the World Bank management later realised that they had overstepped their mandate, something that the critics could use against them, the bank changed its focus on fighting corruption. The bank then shifted from exposing corruption to studying it. Critics argue that the shift of focus has worked well, in that it has allowed them to claim leadership in fighting corruption whilst authorising them to continue funding the corrupt governments. Through these acts, it is clear that the World Bank and the corrupt governments continue to plunder billions of dollars through white elephant projects each year. Although the World Bank claims that it is making positive steps towards ensuring that their funds meets the intended purposes, they should realise that the gap between the poor and the rich in the developing countries has been on the increase. By acknowledging this fact, the World Bank should similarly acknowledge that by the institution acting beyond the powers outlined in its Articles of Agreement has aggravated the situation. Similarly, the World Bank should acknowledge this alleg ation by lending less and supervising more. Through this, it should employ all the possible powers outlined in the Articles of Agreement to investigate, prosecute, and punish corrupt staff members who are colluding with the corrupt governments for their own selfish interests. The bank’s claim that poor governance and corruption are the major obstacles to economic growth has resulted in numerous disagreements between the accused governments and the organisation. Developing countries insist that the bank’s effort to stem out corruption and promote good governance within their territories is beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Despite the fact that these governments’ claims are true, they should realise that the bank’s funds are meant to uplift the livelihoods of their citizens, and not to benefit some few elites in their respective governments. Despite the critics’ allegations, legal writers argue that through the acts des cribed above the World Bank and the IMF acted within their legal mandate. According to these scholars, the decision organs of international organisations such as the World Bank have exclusive rights to interpret the article of agreements. By doing so, international institutions are mandated by the provisions to commit illegal acts. With respect to these legal experts’ concept, the doctrine of ultra vires is not applicable to international organisations, and that their activities and decisions are always legal and valid. The Articles of Agreements of both organisations have clear procedures to be followed in determining whether an individual or the executive board members exceeded their powers in interpreting the provisions. Through this, the IMF and the World Bank have argued that their acts of expanding the organisations mandates were justified within their Articles of Agreement. The organisations assert that the expansion of their institutions has taken place in accordance with article IV consultations. For instance, before the collapse of the par value system the IMF was largely involved in the macroeconomic issues. After the collapse of this system, the IMF became involved in the microeconomic issues. The organisations argue that it was within its mandate to change its roles as the article of agreements allows the organisation to tackle payment deficits and to assist countries with balance of payment issues. Conclusion In conclusion, we should note that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created as specialized agencies of the United Nations during the World War II. According to their Articles of Agreement, the two institutions function under the directions of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Sceptics argue that the two organisations are not functioning in compliance with the ECOSOC directives. If the two organisations could work under the General Assembly directives, they could not only be more accountable, but also con centrate more on both social issues and banking interests. Informal surveys indicate that the top officials in these organisations are unaccountable to their member states. According to these surveys, most individuals are not only unaware of the existence of the two organisations, but also unaware of their functions. The organisations spend huge sums of their resources in propaganda that portrays them as institutions aimed at steering acts and policies geared towards enhancing economic development. However, in the recent years the two organisations have been under heavy criticisms for acting beyond their Articles of Agreements. Notably, academics and NGOs have alleged that the two organisations represent the interest of the transnational corporations and banks that provide them with most of their capital. As such, individuals mandated to create policies in these organisations operate under the influence of first world bankers and third world elites. This implies that the poor, who a re the majority, are shielded from presenting their policies and evaluations. In this regard, this article concludes that the two organisations are reinforcing poverty rather than reducing it. According to their Articles of Agreements, the two organisations should encourage private corporations to invest in the developing countries in order to spur economic growth in these countries. Instead, the organisations have focused on increasing profits for their shareholders at the expense of the poor in the developing countries. Similarly, by allocating huge sums of money in the hands of some few elites in the developing countries, the IMF and the World Bank have equipped these few individuals with resources enabling them to hang on to power and resist social pressures (Weiss Friedl 7). Works Cited Antonio Cassese. International law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. International economic law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print. Qureshi, Asif H .. Perspectives in international economic law. London: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Print. Schrijver, Nico. Sovereignty over natural resources: balancing rights and duties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Simon, Lester and Bryan Mercurio. World trade law: text, materials, and commentary. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda. International investment law: reconciling policy and principle. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Weiss L, and Friedl. International economic law with a human face. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. Print. This essay on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank was written and submitted by user Trey Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Global Health Essay Sample

Global Health Essay SampleA global health essay sample presents the reader with a variety of topics, and it can be hard to sift through the various options available. Global health is similar to the health industry as a whole, but the scope of the health industry has expanded considerably over the last decade, thanks to advances in medicine and science.One thing to look for in a global health essay sample is information on how to adapt to new technologies. Technology has created a wide variety of new applications, including mobile phones, digital cameras, radio, and even video game consoles. It is important to understand how to incorporate this new technology into any business operations or plans.There are other things to look for in a global health essay sample. Global health writers need to have a great deal of experience writing about various health issues. You should also check to see that the writer has had some success writing for a variety of health issues, including breast ca ncer, the flu, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, and other diseases. Check with employers as well to see if they require experience in writing about a particular disease.Another thing to look for in a global health essay sample is contact information, like an email address and physical address. You will also want to see that the writers have at least a bachelor's degree in any type of business. You may also want to check to see that he or she has experience writing about health in some type of a medical journal or publication.Another thing to look for in a global health essay sample is information on how the writer was trained. A recent graduate of a degree program for this sort of career would be a better choice. Look for examples of writing that is specific to this field. A former boss would be another good source of information, and the writer should have written extensively on a specific topic.The personal story of the writer should be emphasized, as the personal side of this fie ld is very important. A good example would be 'A mother who has experienced the difficult transition from a previous job as a nurse to a global health perspective.' That personal story should also reflect on the life of the writer and what he or she has gained from the experience.Finally, the global health essay sample should be able to tie in a variety of themes, such as politics, social issues, and ethics. Writing these types of essays should be an easy task for a professional writer. A good writer should also have access to knowledge about the world and technology, so that he or she could write about issues related to advanced medicine and scientific research.A global health essay sample presents you with many different things to consider when you are writing your essay. Take your time and carefully analyze all of the various options before deciding which one is right for you.